Training Final Report

Describe what you may find in Christian Holy buildings Essays

Describe what you may find in Christian Holy buildings Essays Describe what you may find in Christian Holy buildings Essay Describe what you may find in Christian Holy buildings Essay A: The Christian religion is made of many denominations depending on its style of worship. There are many types of Christian holy buildings, Roman Catholic, Church of England, Orthodox, Methodist, Baptist and Quaker. All of these different places of worship contain different furnishings, different size of furnishings and from being very ornate to very simplistic.Some of the main furnishings are:Altar: The altar is a table within the chancel that is used for Communion. It is, literally, the table on which we celebrate Communion. Today, its generally known as the altar, while churches and traditional people tend to call it a Communion table.Baptistery: In a Roman church, the water source was in the inside the front door. The baptistery consists of a stand with a water basin on top.Chancel: The chancel is the front part of the church from which the service is conducted, as notable from the nave, where the congregation sits. The chancel is usually an elevated platform, usually three step s up from the nave. The chancel represents heavenIcons: An icon is a highly conventional religious painting on wood. The icon follows detailed artistic conventions.Iconostasis: In Orthodox churches, the nave is separated by a thin wall that generally does not reach all the way to the ceiling. It is covered with icons whose subject and placement is significant. It is called an iconostasis.Lectern: The stands at the front of church (as viewed by the congregation) are called the lectern. The word lectern comes from the Latin word meaning to read, because the lectern primarily functions as a reading stand. The lectern leads congregation into prayer, in some churches, the positions of the pulpit and the lectern are reversed (that is, pulpit is on the right and the lectern is on the left.Nave: The place where the congregation gathers for worship, as opposed to the front part of the church from which the service is led.Pews: Long backed bench upon which congregants sit.Pulpit: Where the pr eacher stands, it is located in the front of the church. The one on the left (as viewed by the congregation) is called the pulpit. It is used to read the gospel and preach the sermon. Since the gospel is usually read from the pulpit, the pulpit side of the church is called the Gospel side. In some churches, the positions of the pulpit and the lectern are reversed (that is, pulpit is on the right and the lectern is on the left) for architectural or aesthetic reasons.Transept: a space between the chancel and the nave that extends the side walls, giving the church a crucifix floor plan-meaning that it is cross-shaped when viewed from Arial view.In the Church of England you will find a fair amount of the furnishings named above. This is the more elaborate church out of the six along with Roman Catholic. To be precise it would contain a high altar this is where the Eucharist is celebrated and isnt the same as a normal altar its slightly raised to be visible to the congregation, chancel i s area around the altar for the clergy and choir, choir stalls for the choir to assemble and sing hymns, pulpit is an elevated platform or stand used in preaching or conducting a service., lectern a stand upon which a speaker may rest their books.May be standing, which is also used for preaching, nave is the central area of a church where the congregation is seated among the pews, organ is the large wind instrument thats played when entering and leaving a service. Lastly the north and south transept are the two ends of the transept of the church, the back and front of the cruciform plan. You will find other features stained glass windows, Hymn book stands, tabernacles, hassocks, icons of doves, bread and wine, lambs and chi-rho carved into furnishings which all symbolise different things, and inri meaning Nazareth king of Jesus knitted onto hassocks.In the Roman Catholic Church you will also find a fair amount of the furnishings above just like the Church of England, the more ornate churches out of all six denominations. Inside you would find a porch where you enter the service leading into the nave where you will sit among the pews, an altar where the Eucharist or Divine Liturgy takes place its the table in Christian churches where communion is given, a confessional a booth where a priest sits to hear confessions privately, a sanctuary is where the altar is and its slightly raised its where the scared objects are kept, a stoup is a basin filled with holy water where you can bless yourself often just outside the entrance or just inside the entrance, a font which is where you get baptized and the priest enter you into the Christian community, a tabernacle which is a small cupboard built into the wall where the bread and wine is kept, stallions of the cross which are on either side of the nave stallions of the cross on the wall, organ loft is where the organ is played and where the choir may sit and sing hymns, pulpit is where the priest leads and preaches durin g the service, and lastly the lady chapel which is a smallerChapel with an altar to the Virgin Mary within the church often by the north or south transept by the side of the sanctuary. You will find other features stained glass windows, rosary, tabernacles, and icons of doves, bread and wine, lambs, chi-rho carved into furnishings which all symbolise different things, and inri meaning Nazareth king of Jesus knitted onto hassocks .In an orthodox church you will find less furnishings than in a Roman Catholic Church and Church of England, it will also be less ornate and a little smaller in size. The furnishings it will have are, Aisles down either side of the nave to bring bread and wine to the altar, the nave which the central area which is where the pews are situated, there are steps going up to the royal doors, theres an iconostasis which is a screen decorated with icons dividing the sanctuary from the nave. There is a choir but smaller than what you would find in the Roman Catholic and Church of England, theres a curtain behind the royal doors in front of the altar, and on either side of the altar is a Diaconium where garments and service books are kept and on the other side a Prothesis where the bread and wine is kept before consecration.Within a Baptist church which is similar to an orthodox church it contains aisles just like the Orthodox Church however they are two main aisles which separate the pews into there rows, the nave which the central area which is where the pews are situated forming a aircraft aisle formation. It has an organ to play when entering and leaving the service and when the choir are singing hymns, theres a altar or communion table where consecration takes place and just in front theres the baptistery which is designed to accommodate the font for baptism removable floorboards are where a pool is, theres a pulpit situated behind the altar where the priest ill preach and lead services and behind the pulpit is the ministers room where the consecrated bread and wine of the Eucharist is kept, and vestrys on either side of the ministers room to leave garments, books.In a Methodist church which again is similar to the Orthodox and Baptist Churches contains and organ to be played at the beginning and end of services, a pulpit where the priest will preach and lead services this also has steps leading up to it which it doesnt in other churches, a communion table also known as the alter where consecration takes place, pews which are separated into three columns by two aisles just like the Baptist church forming an aircraft formation, cloakrooms at the back to leave books and the priests garments, a ministers vestry to leave the consecration and a choir vestry to leave garments and hassocks, theres is lastly a vestibule at the back of the church which is a large entrance or reception room or areaA Quaker Church is the most simplistic of all six of these churches, its so simplistic Quakers themselves call it a meeting house r ather than a church, it has no signs or symbols, it is a room with a table in the middle with chairs around and a bible on the table.People go to church to worship god, to be close to God, to go and ask for there sins to be taken away, to ask God for something or even to go for the peace and quiet. By taking part Christians are taking on board what Jesus did at the last supper and can reflect on how they can change there actions in their daily lives to be more like Jesus himself, Christians will also go to church to celebrate different seasons such as Pentecost, Easter, Trinity, Weddings, Christmas and funerals.Seasons will also differ what will be inside churches, not necessarily the furnishings but additional objects or decorations. At funerals there will be lots of black and reflecting at such an emotional time, at Christmas and Weddings yellow and gold will be present showing divinity and happiness celebrating the birth of Jesus and the start of a strong marriage. Nativity scene s, advent wreaths, christingle all on Christmas, also Easter Sunday will be celebrated with white and gold colours and eggs will be additional decorations. Wooden crosses, crow of thorns and nails on Good Friday showing Jesus dyeing on the cross. Feats of food at harvest festival, Red representing the Holy spirit at Pentecost and lastly green at trinity.Elaborate and simplistic churches both are close to god and they are just different denominations and styles of being close to god, whether decorations, icons, carvings and stained glass windows signify different things all of these churches and denominations are worshiping God and thats being close to God. Even worshiping god at your own home is being close to God because he is everywhere all the time and respects us all equally, therefore will not listen to those will the most ornate, glamorous, biggest place of worship.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Marketing - Essay Example Concept of Marketing The marketing concept can be described as the achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs and expectations better than the competition or competitors. This can be done by three steps: 1. Customer orientation – the company’s main focus should be on its target market i.e. customer satisfaction rather than solely improving costs and methods for the company itself 2. Integrated effort – fulfilling customer satisfaction is not a one-man job, it requires a management team and workforce with the common motive to achieve this task through production, finance, research and development 3. Goal achievement – for integrated work to run smoothly and successfully, the management must have strong belief in the fact that corporate goals can be achieved through consumer satisfaction. Marketing Mix A marketing mix is a company strategy that helps boost a company customers, profits and innovations with the help of four ste ps (known as the 4 P’s) i.e. product, price, promotion, and place. These 4 Ps are the key decision elements that marketers must follow in order to achieve the wants and needs of their clientele above their competitors. This marketing mix however has been extended to 7 Ps with the three additions of people, progress and physical evidence due to the rapid growth of the service industries. The emphasis of every individual element varies depending on the commodities the organization offers. Product. The product decision includes choosing which goods and services the company is willing and able to produce and supply to its target customers. This includes product creation as well as integration and development where by the products supplied and new and improved with the advancements in technology and taste. This phase also includes the branding image of the company i.e. its name, packaging and promotions and offers. It seems that Britvic seems to rely on the porter’s model o f differentiation to keep its products relevant to the UK’s beverages market. Hence there is more focus on offering the customers a good variety and availability of product, importantly, along with a focus on development of the products to keep the customers interested rather than offer the highest standards of quality (taste) or uniqueness of product and taste. This might be because a large part of Britvic’s business activity consists of distributing drinks of established brands such as PepsiCo and hence the company can choose to rely on provision of quality service to other businesses to maintain relevance to the consumer market rather than on maintenance of quality. Placement. Placement deals with decision making regarding distribution channels. Key management decisions stress upon locations of its outlets, transportation facilities, and inventory levels of stock and stock needing to be reordered. The main goal is to ensure products and services are available in the desired and sufficient quantities, at the desired time durations and venue. These distribution channels consist of organizations such as retailers and wholesalers who act as an intermediary through which commodities pass on their way to customers. Producers need to manage their relationships with these organizations in order for them to provide cost-effective access to that specific firm and the market they belong to. They also need to be familiar with new methods of

Inccident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inccident - Essay Example My mind had drifted off to recall the conversation at the kitchen table in the morning where I heard momma telling my dad of the intended visit of our grand parents for the summer. Having my grand parents for holidays made my days shine. Grand pa with his erect frame and ruddy sun tanned skin from countless hours in the outdoors brought me memories of great cowboys. Grand ma always reminded of softness with her twinkling blue eyes and beautiful soft skin. Her voice was so gentle and soothing that I loved to fall a sleep in her lap, listening to the stories and songs she read or sang to me at bedtime. I came out of the reverie of my grandma’s soft cocoon of love when I heard Tim, our implicitly appointed group leader chanted in a high pitch tone â€Å" Here comes a Wadley Sack..he he he he† and I looked up to see the woman of an extra bulky frame walking pass the lot. Tim was right in one sense in that she was hardly walking but waddling along with a difficult gait. She looked in our direction as the chanting got more boisterous with the rest of the boys, Sean, Steave, Mat and Harry joining in the ridiculing of the plus sized lady. I watched her, expecting to see anger and distaste in her expressions but was surprised at the kind and conciliatory look in her eyes. â€Å" Wow†¦ she must be eating like a giant!† said Tim, and everyone laughed aloud. I looked at her once again and thought that though she was rather big, she looked kind and pleasant with her redeeming smile. In the silence that followed, my â€Å"tag & hoop† buddies turned questioning ly at me. I have not uttered a single word up to now, nor had I joined in the laughter, which rankled the humid summer air. â€Å"Alan? You don’t think she looks like a big sack of potatoes?† Questioned Tim and I waited as if the cat got my tongue. â€Å"Oooohh†¦ Alan likes her! He doesn’t think she looks that bad!† Exclaimed Tim, the gang master in mock exaggeration and the others

Ryanair airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ryanair airlines - Essay Example The company provides its service to 28 countries in Europe. External environment can be comprehensively be captured by conducting a PEST analysis. It is a strategic process of analyzing the political, economic, social and environmental forces affecting the operating environment of the organization (Johnson, et al., 2011). Political: The deregulation of the Aviation industry in Europe had helped in the growth of the airline companies since 1997. This had particularly helped Ryanair to develop a network of travel route over entire Europe directly fuelling their growth (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). The government is also creating opportunities for aviation companies to expand operations in the U.S. Economic: The economic environment of Ryanair has been highly profitable as has been observed from the consolidated financial statement of the company. Additionally, the recession of 2008 had increased the preference of the consumers towards availing low cost flights as their disposable income has gone down (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). Another pressing issue for the company is the rising cost of oil in the recent years. Social: The high rates of unemployment in the country have increased the importance of low cost airlines. This has been accompanied by the growth of the need to travel throughout the country for the need of finding a job. Technology: Technological advancements are extremely important for the aviation industry as it is directly related to the reduction of costs. Constructing fuel efficient aircrafts and introduction of technology to allow customers to self-service themselves can contribute to the reduction of operating costs. Factors like the creditworthiness of the company, its reputation and image can be considered as internal factors affecting strategic decision making. Building a good brand image in front of the

Theories in Nationalism

Theories in Nationalism Introduction Nationalism, a term which has been defined in various ways and still continues to nurture the debate around it, is one of the strongest forces in the world as we know it today. Despite its strong influence during the last centuries, it has remained long neglected by academia (Hutchinson Smith 1994: 3). One of the first scholars to address this academic shortcoming was Elie Kedourie, a British scholar of the Middle East, who offered a conservative challenging theory against nationalism in his thought-provoking book entitled Nationalism. In this sense, it is safe to say that most scholars concerned with this field of study have been influenced, to some extent, by the work of Kedourie and have taken issue with it. Kedourie has dealt with nationalism in a number of books, presenting his passionate dissent against the spread of nationalism as an ideology in Europe. His book Nationalism identifies nationalism as a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century (1960: 9) that divides humanity into separate and distinct nations (1960: 73). As a scholar who spent a large proportion of his life teaching, Kedourie emphasized the importance of understanding the philosophy of history and the value of its practice, and criticized academics for meddling with political affairs (Kedourie, 1998a: 51; Minogue, 2008). A fervent advocate of strong, long-lasting empires, he argued, that nationalism as an ideology had caused global wars, destruction, and great misery (Sieff 2006). The objective of this paper is to critically assess Kedouries contribution to the study of nationalism. For this purpose, this essay is structured as follows; firstly, it sets the context by briefly introducing the life and works of Elie Kedourie. This is important as, growing up an Iraqi Jew, Kedourie personally experienced the negative impacts of Arab nationalism which caused him as most other Jews to flee his home country. Kedourie blamed British policy for the rise of nationalism in the Middle East, a policy he later criticized in his works. The essay then proceeds to identify and explain his concept of, and arguments against nationalism; next, it explores Elie Kedouries dialogue with three theorists who were influenced by and developed Kedouries ideas; and finally, it presents a critique of his theory and concepts. In summary, this paper demonstrates Kedouries unique attitude towards and his innovative theory of nationalism, but also the flaws in his theory based on which led ma ny of his followers and critics to charge him with intellectual determinism (Lawrence 2005: 132). Kedourie and His Works Kedourie was undoubtedly a man of great achievement. An Iraqi-Jew, he was born in Baghdad on January 25, 1926, but migrated to Great Britain as part of the post-1948 Jewish mass departure from the Arab world (Minogue 2008). In his doctoral thesis, England and the Middle East (1956), which he wrote at Oxford University, he, for the first time, systematically criticized the British foreign policy and its inter-war role in Iraq (Kramer 1999). Accordingly, his controversial thesis was not only much debated, but Kedourie was asked to change it. However, Kedourie felt so strongly about his writings that rather than modify it, he withdrew it! Throughout his life, Kedourie offered a seminal analysis that expounded the state of world affairs and exposed the evil of nationalism. Although he published his most important book entitled Nationalism decades ago, Kedouries ideas still resonate today and are being studied by a number of critics and theorists of nationalism. Kedourie was brought back into academia by his colleague Michael Oakeshott, and consequently held a chair in Politics at the London School of Economic for 40 years. He was an expert on Middle Eastern history, founder and editor of the journal Middle Eastern Studies (1964), and the author and editor of many outstanding books, especially on the Middle East. In contrast to many other scholars of and on the Middle East, Kedourie was able to see it in a wider world context (Mango 1993: 375). This interest led him from Arab nationalism to his study of nationalism as a universal phenomenon. The significance of this, was that it changed the traditional thinking of nationalism and brought to awareness its disastrous influence and its major potential in threatening world order. Besides the book Nationalism, his published works also include Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Islam (1966), the famous The Chatham House Version (1970), Nationalism in Asia and Africa (1970), and Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (1974). Among his later books are In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth (1980), The Crossman Confessions (1984), Politics in the Middle East (1992), and Hegel and Marx: Introductory Lectures, his posthumous book published in 1995. Kedourie impressed with his sharp intellect and his rather eloquent, clear and coherent writing style. Although English was his third language, his works were written in an excellent English style worthy of one of the greatest orientalists and scholars of our time (Moreh 1998: 2). Especially in his book Nationalism, he manages to draw a clear and red line from the sometimes very abstract explorations of the foundations, on which he then builds his theory, to the explanation of his approac h itself. In addition, Kedouries personality stood out in academia. As opposed to many academics, Kedourie neither locked himself in the so-called academic ivory tower, nor did he fall into the circle of self-adoration. Kedourie, more than anything else, was a mentor and father figure to his students (Salibi 1994)! Although he was sometimes referred to as idealistic, most of his students and scholars alike remember Kedourie as humble, dignified, kind, and a generous scholar with quiet and gentle courtesy which one could always count on (Salibi 1994). Kedouries Concept and Critique of Nationalism After the two World Wars, a grouping of independent states created the United Nations and other international bodies, such as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) or theEuropean Economic Community (EEC), and forged multilateral treaties (for example Treaty of Paris, NATO, Warsaw Pact) to sustain peace and worldwide cooperation in the hope of preventing another global conflict. Kedourie believed that many calamitous global events, such as war, destruction, poverty, famine and genocide, were caused by a doctrine of nationalism, which justified the division of nations. Kedourie (1993b: xiii) viewed nationalism as an ideology and believed that it had been made a contrived religion by governments to justify their actions and to maintain their so-called right to national self-determination (Kelidar 1993: 5-6). Kedourie laid out his controversial theory against the nationalism doctrine in his book Nationalism. In the first chapter, Politics in a New Style, he explains his pessimism about ideological and constitutional politics, which presupposes nationalism as an effective force to strengthen and preserve the identity and authority of a nation (Spencer Wollman 2002: 49). In the following chapters, he tackled the concept of self-determination, which the intellectuals, particularly Immanuel Kant, brandished as the supreme political good (Kedourie 1993a: 22); the relation of state and individual, wherein he criticized the influence of Kant on modern thinkers and the effects of dangerous political ideas on individuals; diversity, which spread the world over as a result of the propagation of nationalism; and national self-determination, which has caused the division of states into nations, disorders and wars. In the last two chapters, he addressed the relationship between nationalism and politi cs and its negative consequences. Kedourie was the first theorist who addressed nationalism systematically and identified it as (an historically erroneous) doctrine. His path-breaking theory introduced new standards to the traditional studies of the phenomenon which saw in granting self-determination the only acceptable way to deal with nationalism. Kedourie relied on historical accounts of global events and on this basis identified three strong arguments against nationalism. Firstly, he claimed that nationalism as a political ideology was impotent and had no significance to reality. Secondly, he asserted that the divisive character of nationalism caused and will continue to cause wars and man-made catastrophes. Finally, he saw nationalism as being about the enshrinement of the concept of sovereignty or self-determination as the fundamental force of global order (Kedourie 1993b: xvi). With regards to his first argument, nationalism was seen as being a political ideology due to its extensive relation to politics. He observed that the doctrine was first conceived and then propagated in Europe in the last century (Deol, 2000: 12). It was an era when nationalism was systematically turned into kind of religion to inspire the people and make them believe that they had a duty and responsibility to serve their homeland. According to Kedourie, the purpose of ideological politics was to impose political culture, legal principles and moral standards on people by means of force (1986: 47-48). When a government seeks to establish an ideology, it can only do so through the use of force and arbitrary powers. He identified the platonic character of this strategy, which posits that a state or society has to eliminate the ideology of the people so as to impose its own political culture or ideology (Kedourie 1993b: xiv). Kedouries argument is clear: ideological politics in the last century has caused many horrific events because of the ideologists attempt to change the status quo and to enforce their own ideology on the masses. As an example he mentioned the case of Yugoslavia. Following its creation after the First World War, Yugoslavia sought to attain unity in order to establish an independent state, but such a national ambition was waylaid when the Yugoslavs fell into the oppressive hands of the Hungarians, Austrians and Ottomans. Another argument he made against ideological politics was that a state that espoused nationalism caused the division of its individual subjects and separation between the government and the governed. Kedourie asserted that a society that adopted certain kinds of principles deprived the people of their rights. A group of people treated as mere ciphers by their rulers would be led to treat their fellow men in the same way. Turning to his second argument nationalism will lead to war and manmade disasters- Kedourie explained that nationalism supports the division of humanity into a number of states and thus also supports the division of men in terms of race, tradition, religion, and political ideology (1986: 71-73). Since nations are divided into many categories, Kedourie argues that wars and disasters are inevitable. He argued that conflicts and chaos ravaged the whole of Europe between 1848 and the end of World War II because of the concept of nationalism (Kedourie 1993b: xvi). However, he rejected the argument that poverty is somehow linked to nationalism. Since most poor countries have prevalent nationalist ideology, he believed that poor economic conditions might bring about social displeasure, which may lead to the propagation of nationalism (Kedourie 1974c: 19). However, he claimed that the rise of nationalism in Czechoslovakia and Italy was not due to evident poverty. Furthermore, Kedourie believed that the development of nationalism in Asia and Africa was basically a reaction to invasion and foreign occupation (1974: 21). Lastly, he criticized socialism as an ideological obsession that caused great destruction in the last century. He states (1993b: xvii) that socialism has produced not happiness or spiritual fulfilment, or even material prosperity, but, on the contrary, unparalleled oppression and misery, and it has sunk by the weight of its own misconceived ideals. Moreover, he suggested that the collapse of Soviet Russia in 1991 had led to a precarious disproportion of power among its former constituents and their neighbours. Hence, he warned that this power vacuum could lead to war. He concluded that nationalist ideology did not evidently ensure economic success or honest and responsible government. Kedouries condemnation of nationalism and by extension his path-breaking theory, was seen by many theorists on nationalism that followed as a milestone in the evolution of the theoretical debate (Ozkirimli 2000: 32). As a consequence, the vast majority of these theorists took issue with his theory in one way or another. Kedouries Influence on other Theorists of Nationalism Kedouries passionate arguments against nationalism gained both the admiration and support of a coterie of loyal followers but also drew some harsh criticism. Undoubtedly, he contributed enormously to the great debate about the origins and nature of nationalism. As a man of exceptional intellectual reputation with exacting standards in his thinking and scholarship, Kedourie was immensely influential on many modern scholars and his students alike (Salibi 1994: 4) and thus, achieved to transform and revolutionize the understanding of nationalism (Minogue 2008; Kelidar 1993: 5-6). Three distinguished theorists of nationalism who admired Kedourie, but took issue with his ideas are Ernest Gellner, Anthony Smith, and Benedict Anderson. All of these theorists built on the works of Kedourie, and this made for a great contribution to the debate about the nature and roots of nationalism that dominated the European community in the nineteenth century (Gellner 1996: xix). Smith openly elaborated on the intellectual depth of Kedouries seminal arguments against the concept of nationalism, saying that the latters works continue to exert a wide influence on modern thinkers like him (2007: 213). Similarly, Gellner credited Kedouries work but also attributed a lot of critique to Kedouries ideas (Gray 2004). This paper will now examine in more depth some of these issues in order to provide a critical evaluation of the strengths as well as limits of Kedouries arguments. Anthony D. Smith For his part, Smith agreed with Kedouries concept of nationalism as an ideological crusade that seeks the achievement and maintenance of national sovereignty, harmony, and distinctiveness, on behalf of a particular group of inhabitants (2007: 214). Smith reiterated Kedouries argument that although nationalism was sparked by the myth of the French Revolution, this ideological movement was inspired by Kant, which then in turn influenced Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Smith claimed that the main proponent of nationalism was Fichte, a Kantian, who, in his Addresses to the German Nation (1808), established an agenda for the creation of a German national education (Choueiri 2000: 6). Smith concurred with Kedourie that this secular ideological movement was inspired by the declaration of independence, which states that sovereignty resides exclusively in the state. Smith (2007a: 217) also regarded nationalism as a secular form of religion, and concluded that traditional religions like Judaism preserve their character and that they contribute to the propagation of nationalism by serving as agents of collective sentiments. Smith thus supported Kedouries statement that Judaism is a religion that accentuates the value of land and language and national feeling (1993b: 76) and suggested that there are cultural similarities between modern nationalism and biblical Israel and its covenant. This being said, in his Theories of Nationalism, Smith criticized Kedourie for selecting only the extreme features of nationalism, thus overlooking the civilizing and empowering influence of the doctrine (Jinadu 1972: 646). Benedict Anderson In his Imagined Communities: Reflection on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, Benedict Anderson, a modernist theorist like Kedourie, identifies the rise of capitalism at the beginning of industrialization era as the main reason for the emergence of nationalism: peoples literacy level increased due to the emergence of printing press capitalism. No longer were they dependent on the church for getting information. As a result, member of various communities became aware of each other and hence it helped them imagine the nation and the feeling of being a nation (Capmack 2005). In complete contrast to Kedouries hostility to the idea of nationalism, Anderson posits that nationalism contributes to a better society and encourages good behaviour: You follow the laws because they are your laws (2005). However, he agrees with Kedourie on the importance of history, arguing that such doctrines as nationalism or nationality are like cultural relics that can only be understood by tracing their historical roots, nature and motivations (1991: 4). He thus stated that eighteenth century Europe was not simply marked by the beginning of nationalism but by the end of religious forms of thought. Changes in the religious community, according to Anderson, gave rise to the belief that nationalism was a secular solution to the question of continuity that had been answered previously by religious faith. He wrote: What I am proposing is that nationalism has to be understood by aligning it, not with self-consciously-held political ideologies, but with the large cultural systems that preceded it- out of which, as well as against which- it came into being (1991: 11). Hence, in many ways, Anderson simply complements the arguments raised by Smith and Kedourie that the form of nationalism that dominates the world today is a combination of traditional religions and of secular political ideologies based on national self-determination. Another similarity arises by looking at their views on nationalism and language. Anderson suggested that language could be used as a cohesive force to nurture peoples love of their country. For example, songs, poetry, and national anthems are used as effective agents of nationalism (1991: 145). Accordingly, the use of language is a significant reason for the emergence of independent, divided states and the proliferation of print-word (Mar-Molinero Smith 1996: 70). Similarly, though more pessimistic and with almost sad undertones, Kedourie elaborates that language is a strong expression of ones individuality and thus the most important criterion for a nation to be recognized and to exist (1986: 64). The emphasis on language with regards to nations, and by extension of states, has had many negative side-effects among which language has been transformed into a political issue for which men are ready to kill and exterminate each other (1985: 71). Ernest Gellner Gellners Nations and Nationalism was a direct response to Elie Kedouries theory, which Gellner believed lacked any real comprehension of the reality of nationalism, as a result of its overly intellectual focus (Gellner 1983). He dissented on the idealist argument of Kedourie that nationalism was the consequence of a historical anomaly and intellectual blunders, and suggested that it was rather an unavoidable by-product of economic and technical progress (Gray 2004). Moreover, Gellner rejected the premise that the concept of nationalism was based on the philosophy of Kant, and then spread by inept philosophers and intellectuals. He defended Kant, maintaining that there is no relationship, other than a verbal one, between individual self-determination and national self-determination, and that Kant was a very model for that allegedly bloodless, cosmopolitan, emaciated ethic of the Enlightenment which romantic nationalists detested (OLeary 1997: 198). Similar to Kedouries pessimistic view, Gellner perceived nationalism as the strongest principle of political legitimacy in the modem world and stated that nations should be collectively and freely institutionally expressed, and ruled by its co-nationals.Nationalism invents nations where they do not exist. (1964: 168). Apart from nationalism, Gellner (1985: 1) believed that reformism and industrialization were the two enormous forces that were changing the world. This was his main departure from the concept suggested by Kedourie. Gellners derisive arguments against nationalism perturbed secular rationalists, socialists, and conservatives. He agreed with Kedourie that nationalism presupposes that such important concepts as social justice, material progress, utility and reason, rational principles and law are merely consequential doctrines in supporting and imposing an established and justifiable socio-political order, thus inciting unrelenting denunciation from socialists and liberals for about two centuries (OLeary 1997: 192) Although it appears that Gellner presented similar views to those expressed by Kedourie, he did, however, criticize Kedourie for omitting the sociological analysis in his study of nationalism. Gellner believed that nationalism became a sociological necessity in the modern world, whereas Kedourie rejected any sociological explanation as a form of reductionist economism (Kramer 1999: 637-638), and maintained that history has no depths to be plumbed or main lines to be traced out, and that history does not need explanatory principles, but only words to tell how things were (Kramer 1993). I believe that the differences between Gellner and Kedourie are rather of an epistemological nature than of a fundamental one. Although they dissent on origins of nationalism and on the type of their analysis, the basic concepts of their theories, however, do have significant similarities. For instance, they both recognize nationalism as a modern doctrine. Moreover, they both share a pessimistic view of nationalism and point out its dangerous consequences. Perhaps the similar nature between Gellners and Kedouries theories might be attributed to the significant influence that Kedourie had on Gellner. Lawrence (2005: 132) supports this idea when he writes: his focus on the links between nationalism and modernization certainly inspired later theorists such as Gellner and Hobsbawm. Critique / Conclusion Kedouries basic contention was one of enormous skepticism and suspicion especially vis-Ã  -vis third world nationalism, which he perceived as a reaction to European nationalism (1974: 1-153). It appears that his personal experiences greatly influenced his pessimism towards nationalism in general, and more specifically his rather hostile attitude toward a nations self-determination, leading to one of the main flaws in Kedouries theory. He was certain that the idea of national self-determination was not only absurd, but also destructive, immoral and could only lead to violence and discord in domestic politics (Minogue, 2008). Kedourie further postulated that the origins of self-determination were the Age of Enlightenment, which led men to discover the law of nature and rational principles, and its philosophical corollary-the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. This declaration states that a nation must exercise autonomy and that no man or group of men can go beyond the ambit of the law. Kedourie (1993: xiv) wrote: The law was universal, but this did not mean that there were no differences between men; it meant rather that there was something common to them all which was more important than any differences. While taking this rather skeptical stance, Kedourie failed to really develop his arguments on this particular issue any further, and thus left himself open to criticism based on philosophical and historical concerns. He successfully presented a path-breaking theory against the perils of nationalism. Historical events tell us that extreme nationalism has caused global disasters, wars, and massive poverty in the past. He was right in arguing that both conservative and socialist governments subscribed to the ideology of nationalism to achieve their national goals. Kedourie and other nationalist critics exposed nationalism as a dangerous political ideology that must be rejected. Smith, Anderson, and Gellner developed Kedouries theory by presenting the causes, historical origins, and consequences of nationalism. Furthermore, today one might argue that some collectivist countries like North Korea, China, Cuba, among others have made nationalism a secular religion. However, Kedouries theory was not flawless as the section above has to some extent already shown. Kedourie may have raised valid arguments against nationalism; however, as Smith pointed out, the relationship between ideology and nationalism is not always a negative one. In fact, for example, in the case of the periphery countries of the former Soviet Union, history has shown that a nationalist ideology enabled and mobilized people to free themselves from factors which enslaved them. Kedouries somewhat one-sided and hostile portrait of nationalism ignores its constructive aspects and its vital role in creating, as well as controlling, social and political change. Another major flaw in his work is of epistemological nature. Throughout his book one question repeatedly comes to mind: How does he know that? For instance, looking at the question of origin, he connects nationalism with the French revolution as mentioned above. However, why, accordingly to Kedourie, was there no nationalism before the modern era? He does not take issue with this and thus fails to give sufficient evidence for his argument and against more primordial views on nationalism. Moreover, Kedourie perceives nationalism as a (secular) form of religion and thus he suggests that it may substitute the traditional religions. According to him, the religious origins of nationalism are used merely for political purposes. However, he neglects the relationship between religion and pre-modern ethnic identities in many areas of the world and then overlooks religious and secular roots of modern nationalism and, thus over-simplifies the relation between religion and modern nationalism (Hutchinson Smith 1994: 70). Finally, it appears that his views on ideology and nationalism were heavily influenced by his personal experiences, as well as the British academic attitudes of that time, which were fundamentally skeptical of any ideology per se (personal conversation with lecturer). For instance, Michael Oakeshott, a mentor and colleague of Kedourie, doubted the political action and questioned the assertions made in defence of political ideology (Kedourie 1998a: 111). Kedourie was exposed to the teachings of early British scholars like Oakeshott who dismissed the notion of a science of politics. This is one of the reasons behind his pessimistic view on ideology and his scorn of the academics interference in politics. In the final analysis, however, I agree with Kedouries skeptical contention as, looking at the world today and how nationalism as portrayed by Kedourie has infected and affected many countries towards the negative, his warning proved to be valid. Bibliography Anderson, B.R 1991 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso Anderson, B.R 2005, I Like Nationalisms Utopian Elements Interview with Lorenz Khazaleh, CULCOM,[Online], Dec. 15, Available at: http://www.culcom.uio.no/english/news/2005/anderson.html [Accessed 19 November 2009] Choueiri, Y.M 2000 Arab Nationalism: Nation and State in the Arab World, New York: Wiley-Blackwell Deol, H 2000, Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of Punjab, London: Routledge Gellner, E 1985, Islamic Dillemas: Reformers, Nationalists, and Industrialization, Berlin: Walter De Gruyter Gellner, E 1964, Thought and Change, London: Weidenfeld and Nickolson Gray, J 2004, Book Review, [Online], Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/gellner/Gray.html [Accessed 18 November 2009] Hearn, J I 2009,Discussion on Kedourie and nationalism, [Conversation] (Personal communication, 1 December 2009) Hutchinson, J. Smith,D.A. 1994, Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press Jinadu, L.A 1972, Book Review, The Journal of Modern African Studies, [Online], Dec., 10(4), pp. 645-648, Kedouri, S 1998a, Elie Kedouri CBA, FBA, 1926-1992: History, Philosophy, Politics, New York: Routledge . 1993b, Nationalism, Fourth, Expanded Edition. London: Wiley . 1974c, Nationalism in Asia and Africa. London: Routledge . (1960d) Nationalism. First Edition. London: Hutchinson . (1984e) The Crossman Confessions and Other Essays in Politics, History, and Religion. London: Mansell Publishing Kedourie, E., Gammer, M., Kostner, J., and Shemesh, M 2003 Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie, London: Routledge Kelidar, A 1993, Elie Kedourie: An Appreciation, Journal of Contemporary History, 28(1), pp. 5-6 Kramer, M 1993, Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity, Daedalus, [Online], Summer 1993, pp. 171-206, Available at: http://sandbox.blog-city.com/arab_nationalism_mistaken_identity.htm [Accessed 17 November 2009] . (1999) Elie Kedourie,Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, [Online], 1, pp. 637-638, Available at: http://sandbox.blog-city.com/elie_kedourie.htm [Accessed 17 November 2009] Lawrence, P 2005, Nationalism: history and theory, Harlow: Pearson Mango, A 1993, Elie Kedourie: An Appreciation, Middle Eastern Studies, [Online], Jul., 29(3), pp. 373-376, Mar-Molinero, C., Smith, A 1996, Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula, Basingstoke: Berg Publishing Minogue, K, 2008, Elie Kedourie, Standpoint, [Online], Aug., Available at: http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/node/291/full [Accessed 16 November 2009] Moreh, S 1998, A Tribute to Elie Kedourie, In Kedourie S. eds. ELIE KEDOURIE, CBE., FBA 1926-1992, [Online], London, Portland-Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers , p. 132 Available at: http://www.dangoor.com/74006.html [Accessed 18 November 2009] OLeary, B 1997, On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellners Writings on Nationalism, British Journal of Political Science, [Online], Apr., 27(2), pp. 191-222, Ozkirimli, U 2000, Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan Salibi, K 1994, Edie Kedourie: A Tribute, Middle Eastern Studies, 30, Thirty Volume Index 1964-1994, pp. 1-5 Sieff, M 2006, Isaiah Berin and Elie Kedourie: Recollections of Two Giants, Covenant, [internet], Nov., 1(1), Available at: http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol1/issue1/sieff.html [Accessed 16 November 2009] Smith, D.A 2007a, Nation and Covenant: The Contribution of Ancient Israel to Modern Nationalism, Proceedings of the British Academy, 151, pp. 213-255 Smith, D.A 1971b, Theories of Nationalism, Michigan: Duckworth Spencer, P. Wollman, H 2002, Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, California: SAGE Publishing

I have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an experiment E

I have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an experiment affects the rate of reaction. In the experiment I will do it as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid. How Does the Temperature Affect the Rate of Reaction? Introduction I have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an experiment affects the rate of reaction. In the experiment I will do it as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid. Reaction rates can be explained by the Collision Theory. The rate of reaction depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide with each other. Basically the particles have to collide in order to react. If the temperature is increased, the particles will have more energy and so will move quicker. If they're moving quicker, they will have more collisions. Planning ======== Variables --------- The variables that may affect my investigation are:  · The temperature  · The size of the pieces of marble chips  · How much hydrochloric acid you use in the flask The variable that I am going to investigate is the temperature. This is because there is more of an advantage due to the fact that there is more of a range of temperature than there is in the size of marble chips you use or the amount of hydrochloric acid you use. Prediction I predict that when I increase the temperature of the experiment, the reaction will take place faster. This is because when the temperature increases, the particles will all mov...

Bhagvad Gita

You have 7 response papers due throughout the semester. Please see the syllabus for due dates. The prompt/question will be posted one week before the response is due. You may drop 2 responses for any reason. ; Each response is worth 20 points. You will be graded on how well you answer the question or respond to the prompt. This means you should provide evidence from the lecture or readings/films to support what you are saying.While this is not a formal paper, you must use good grammar, complete sentences, and proper citation methods if you choose to quote, for example, the textbook. ; Responses should be -?200-250 words. Please avoid making them much longer. You will lose points if your response is significantly shorter than the word requirement. ; Please type your response and use standard 12 point font and standard margins. ; Papers should be posted on Encounters on the due date no later than 11 PM.Late response papers will not be accepted without proper documentation of illness or emergency. ; The prompt/question for each response will be posted on Encounters by the Tuesday before (-?one week) It's due. ; Remember: These papers are intended to engage with the material and think about the abstract concepts that we will be covering in this course. In addition, these papers give you the opportunity to compare aspects of the tradition and think critically about what we learn.For Response #7-Please respond to the following question/prompt. Answer the following In the context of the Baghdad Gala. Why doesn't Aragua want to fight in the war? What reasons does he give? How does Krishna respond? What are the two Identities of the human being? Which one Is more Important and why? What is the goal of life according to the Krishna? How does one achieve It? Clearly explain and make sure to answer all parts of the question. Provide at three direct examples from the Baghdad Gait In your answer.

Gray vs. Grey

Gray vs. Grey Gray vs. Grey Gray vs. Grey By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Would you please explain the variation in spelling of the word gray vs. grey? Short answer: gray is standard American spelling and grey is British spelling for the same color. The spellings have bounced back and forth. The Old English stem was spelled grÇ £g. According to the OED, †The variation between spellings in ei, ey, etc., and in ai, ay, etc., in later Middle English results from the general Middle English merger of the ei and ai diphthongs.† Examples of spellings that evolved from the merger are clay, gray, grey, and whey. In Dr. Johnson’s 1755 dictionary, the entry for the adjective is spelled gray: â€Å"white with a mixture of black.† A note in the OED describes an informal inquiry made in 1893 that found differences among the usage of British publishers: the printers of The Times stated that they always used the form gray; Messrs. Spottiswoode and Messrs. Clowes always used grey; other eminent printing firms had no fixed rule. Many correspondents said that they used the two forms with a difference of meaning or application: the distinction most generally recognized being that grey denotes a more delicate or a lighter tint than gray. Others considered the difference to be that gray is a ‘warmer’ colour, or that it has a mixture of red or brown.’ Various attempts have been made at different times to establish different colors for gray and grey. Here’s one from 1867: G. W. Samson Elem. Art Crit. v. i. 483.  Professional, if not primitive English usage has made a distinction between gray and grey. The spelling gray may with propriety be employed to designate admixtures in which simple black and white are employed. The form grey may indicate those admixtures which have the same general hue, but into which blue and its compounds more or less slightly enter. Individuals may prefer one spelling to the other, but the rule is, American spelling gray; British spelling grey. Note: The grey in greyhound has nothing to do with the animal’s color. The OED tells us that this grey is â€Å"apparently a first element cognate with Old Icelandic grey, â€Å"bitch.† The Old Icelandic word for a female dog is greyhundr. In English the word came to mean a particular kind of dog: A breed of fast-running, keen-sighted dog having a long slender body and head and long legs, long used in hunting and coursing, and now used in racing; a dog of this breed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Proved vs. ProvenThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Free Essays on The Spotted Owl

The mere mention of the creature’s name brings shudders to loggers and some local inhabitants; fear over its existence has incited rallies, garnered the attention of three government agencies, and caused people to tie themselves to trees. In May 1991, Federal District Judge William Dwyer issued a landmark decision finding that the Forest Service had violated the National Forest Management Act by failing to implement an acceptable management plan for the northern spotted owl. His decision forbade timber sales across the spotted owl region until the Forest Service implemented an acceptable plan. An injunction blocking timber sales in Northern Spotted Owl habitat affected 17 national forests in Washington, Oregon and Northern California. On April 2, 1993, President Bill Clinton embarked on a quest to settle a long-standing battle. Participants were seated at three large roundtables. The environmentalists and their lawyers gathered on one side, with their attempts to protect natural resources, and the timber industry’s desire for the same on the other. The participants were asked to make three-minute statements; the table was then opened for questions and discussion among those seated at the table and officials in attendance (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999 p 320). The environmental protection laws we have, such as the Endangered Species Act, are like the red idiot lights going on simultaneous with something terrible happening to your car†¦when that happens, it is too late to think about a tune-up. You simply have to stop. And the answer is not disconnecting the idiot lights, just as the answer to the forest management dilemma is not suspending or disobeying the laws that let us know we have a serious problem (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999 p 320) . Round table members included representatives for the timber industry. The lumber industry’s concern is that building materials derived from wood have gone up at least $5,000.0... Free Essays on The Spotted Owl Free Essays on The Spotted Owl The mere mention of the creature’s name brings shudders to loggers and some local inhabitants; fear over its existence has incited rallies, garnered the attention of three government agencies, and caused people to tie themselves to trees. In May 1991, Federal District Judge William Dwyer issued a landmark decision finding that the Forest Service had violated the National Forest Management Act by failing to implement an acceptable management plan for the northern spotted owl. His decision forbade timber sales across the spotted owl region until the Forest Service implemented an acceptable plan. An injunction blocking timber sales in Northern Spotted Owl habitat affected 17 national forests in Washington, Oregon and Northern California. On April 2, 1993, President Bill Clinton embarked on a quest to settle a long-standing battle. Participants were seated at three large roundtables. The environmentalists and their lawyers gathered on one side, with their attempts to protect natural resources, and the timber industry’s desire for the same on the other. The participants were asked to make three-minute statements; the table was then opened for questions and discussion among those seated at the table and officials in attendance (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999 p 320). The environmental protection laws we have, such as the Endangered Species Act, are like the red idiot lights going on simultaneous with something terrible happening to your car†¦when that happens, it is too late to think about a tune-up. You simply have to stop. And the answer is not disconnecting the idiot lights, just as the answer to the forest management dilemma is not suspending or disobeying the laws that let us know we have a serious problem (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999 p 320) . Round table members included representatives for the timber industry. The lumber industry’s concern is that building materials derived from wood have gone up at least $5,000.0...

Governance and Public Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Governance and Public Policy - Case Study Example This will be vital in constructing low income houses for the purpose of incorporating different races in the region. Good governance and public policing are a requirement in order to draw plans for housing which concentrate on the interests of all citizens regardless of race (Reinke 27). Good governance will ensure quality services and appropriate taxation that will benefit the city inhabitants. The principles of good governance will direct proper leadership hence initiation of public policies that are fundamental to the community (Reinke 29). These principles guide the commission in ensuring construction of structures that serve all races that reside in the city. Good governance will enhance proper spending of funds for the housing plans. The commission will have a responsibility of monitoring various budgets and plans for the project. This principle will guide various strategies that affect the community in terms of low income housing that incorporate diversity (Reinke 31). Good governance ensures effectiveness in conducting functions plus roles (Reinke 35). It ensures concise decisions in matters that relate management. Proper housing plan will be successful if these principles are in

Fifth Chinese Daughter, Hong Wong's Parenting Philosophy And Practice Essay

Fifth Chinese Daughter, Hong Wong's Parenting Philosophy And Practice - Essay Example Hong Wong’s parenting philosophy is not Hong Wong’s own parenting philosophy! The philosophy was transmitted to him and it was the way of life in a traditional Chinese family. How did the philosophy mould into that shape? A scientific answer to this question is impossibility. It is so because it has been so since times immemorial! The parents loved the children; they punished them severely as well. Punishment and love were alternative beats of the same heart for the parents. The story is about Jade Snow Wong’s upbringing in such a family in San Francisco’s Chinatown of pre-World War II times. Women were looked down upon, not with any individual malice, but their inferior status was taken for granted. Corporal punishment was part of the manual of family governance. Family business was conducted along with home life just like a train that moved on two parallel tracks. Certain fixed Chinese values were taught to the children whom they were expected to follow scrupulously. Jade Snow Wong writes, (1989, p.2) â€Å"Even at this early age she had leaned the meaning of discipline, without understanding the necessity for it. A little girl never questioned the commands of Mother and Father, unless prepared to receive painful consequences.† Absolute dictatorship in the family!... Jade Snow’s admittance to college education changes her perspectives, and she begins to understand the merits of freedom in a woman‘s life. She is on head-on collision with the clash of cultures and values. She begins to assert her identity, but she is aware of the essential dignity of the Chinese traditions. Jade Snow was also exposed to racism in her life. To mention just two instances of racism, when the family moved into the basement, her father â€Å"hired Negroes to chisel out part of the brick walls.†(p.51)In school a boy name Richard used to harass her and she reports it thus: â€Å"With malicious intent in his eyes, he burst forth, â€Å"Chinky, Chinky, Chinaman†¦.Chinky, Chinky, no tickle, no washee, no skirtee†¦.† (p.68) Sex discrimination was an important part of the Chinese traditions. Women were mostly confined to the kitchen jobs and the boys were given more care and attention. But Jade Snow’s father faced a great moral/cult ural dilemma over the male-female issue. According to the popular Chinese opinion, daughters would eventually get married in another family, so why to invest in their education? His further observations have great significance. Jade Snow writes thus: â€Å"But my answer was that since sons and their education are of primary importance, we must have intelligent mothers. If nobody educates his daughters, how can we have intelligent mother for our sons? If we do not have good family training, how can China be a strong nation?†(p.15) My personal thoughts: The book shows how the assimilation process of two cultures is arduous and slow. For the first generation of the Chinese Americans it was the toughest